Unexplored literature

 ARISTOTLE’S POETICS Aristotle  ✓Aristotle was one of the greatest philosophers in the history of mankind ✓Born in the 4th century at Stagira in Macedonia ✓ At the age of eighteen, he enrolled himself in Plato’s Academy in Athens.There, he exhibited outstanding intellect and wit ✓Aristotle’s ideas and concepts had such profundity that even intellectual revolutions like the Renaissance, the Reformation, the Enlightenment were not able to abate their influence on Western thinking.  ✓His other works like, The History of Animals, On the Parts of Animals, and On the Generation of Animals, have garnered much praise from scientists of all ages.  ✓In his lifetime, Aristotle wrote around four hundred books, the topics of which span over various aspects of human knowledge. ✓Some of his notable works were: Categories, De Interpretation, Prior Analytics, Posterior Analytics, Sophistical Refutations, Physics, Metaphysics, De Anima, History of Animals, Generation of Animals, Meteo...

 What is Tragedy Aristotle’s considered tragedy as, “...an imitation of an action that is serious and also as having magnitude complete in itself. In language, with pleasurable accessories, each kind brought in separately in the parts of the work, in a dramatic not in a narrative form; with incidents arousing pity and fear, wherewith to accomplish its catharsis of such emotions......... some portions are worked out with verse only, and others in turn with song”  According to Aristotle, Tragedy is elevated and grand involving emotions of pity and fear. It looks upon the world as a place where, despite an element of chance or fate, there is moral order and not chaos.  The Origin of the Greek Tragedy The Greek tragedy originated in the cult of Dionysus. In the theatre, a large stone seat in the front row was reserved for the priest of Dionysus. The ancient Greek Theatre was a religious institution under the direction of the state.The myth provided the main source of inspira...

 ‘VERSIFICATION’ AND ‘POETIC SYNTAX’ (a) VERSIFICATION -JON STALLWORTHY (Jon Stallworthy Essay, ‘Versification’, The Norton Anthology of Poetry (2005)  According to him, poetry is a “performance by the human voice”, a verse is a group of lines with a certain number of word-sounds, and versification is “the principles and practice of writing verse” (Stallworthy, p.2027, 2005).  Two ways to measure the poem are - Rhythm and Form which depends on words-sounds and their arrangements.  W.H Auden and T.S Eliot define 'versification' as a technique, as well as, an arrangement of meter and pattern. Versification measures the form and rhythm of a verse. Versification studies rhyme, number of words used in a line of a poem, the stressed-unstressed unit of a word, number of stanzas, number of lines, etc.  Parts of Versification 1) Verse-  Verse, is a group of lines, or a group of words arranged to provide rhythm, structure and form, to a poem. Verse is the most import...

 DRAMA AN INTRODUCTION- By G.J Watson -The Nature of Drama Topics covered  1) Definitions 2) Origins and Universality 3) Stage Conditions 4) The Physicality of the Stage 5) Plot and Action 6) The Language of Drama 7) Reading and Seeing •Definition  There are many definitions of Drama according to different critics.  G. B. Tennyson says: 'Drama is a story that people act out on a stage before spectators.' Eric Bentley remarks: 'The theatrical situation, reduced to a minimum, is that A impersonates B while C looks on.'  Marjorie Boulton, a play 'is not really a piece of literature for reading. A true play is three-dimensional; it is literature that walks and talks before our eyes" -It is an art which requires performance on a stage for its full effect; that it involves real-life people pretending to be imagined people; and that it places particular emphasis on action; of a concentrated, often intense, kind. •Origins and Universality Drama is a communal art involv...

#Gary Day  -Gary Day is a principal lecturer in English at De Montfort University, Bedford. He is the author of Re-reading Leavis: ‘Culture’ and Literary Criticism and has edited a number of books on literature and culture. He has written books on F. R. Leavis, literary criticism and class, and is also co-editor (with Jack Lynch) for the Wiley Encyclopedia of Eighteenth Century Literature. Day held a satirical column in Times Higher Education for a number of years and now reviews television programmes for the same publication.                           INTRODUCTION •It traces the complex relationship between class, literature and culture from the medieval period to the present.  •class still has a role to play in understanding the nature of literary works. The text shows that there is a link between the economic form of capitalism and ‘literary’ representation.  • The author uses Karl Marx’s (1818–83) a...

 The tale of a Tulsi plant - -Both the stories Final solution and Tale of tulsi plant have some few things in common one being the lack of judicial and institutional help to refugees and that both the parts East Pakistan and Bengal faced similar consequences.  -the fear, insecurities and uncertainties is very evident in the story -uncanny world in transition especially for Muslims who were going to East Pakistan in terms of memory. There are references to memory and materiality.  -dominat representation of migration from east to west.  -Louis Herington:  crossing borders in partition studies and the question of the Bangladesh liberation war. Written in journal - post colonial text in 2016.  -Most of the communal riots and violence were marked by concentration identity crisis and settlement concerns in new nation states. Book " Spouse of Partition" highlights the partition of Bengal,  work focus on Hindus migrating from East to West. 

 African American Womanism Speaks to Dalit Feminism: Special Reference to Telugu Dalit Women’s Literature  -D. Jyothirmai & K. Sree Ramesh •Mainstream feminism’ in India remained substantially elitist in its concerns carrying the legacy of 'western feminism' •Dalit women are forced to lead a separate movemen •Dalit feminism as a more inclusive kind of feminism that challenge oppression of any form for women in India or elsewhere •Thus originated, nascent Dalit Feminism could not derive any theoretical and representational sustenance from the mainstream Indian Feminism.However it can derive roots from the African American womanist/feminist experiences as both share a similar socio-historical environment.  •Whereas white female activists were concerned with the rights of married woman to own property, for example, black women were concerned with the basic human right not to be literally owned as chattel. As white women lobbied to change divorce laws, black women lobbied...

 Sadie Plant is a British philosopher-who talks about the commonality between machine and women.  - Machine and women have at least one thing in common they are not men. -Cyberfeminism is a term coined in 1994 by Sadie Plant, director of the Cybernetic Culture Research Unit at the University of Warwick in Britain, to describe the work of feminists interested in theorizing, critiquing, and exploiting the Internet, cyberspace, and new-media technologies in general.  -Cyberfeminism can be a critique of equality in cyberspace, challenge the gender stereotype in cyberspace, examine the gender relationship in cyberspace, examine the collaboration between humans and technology, examine the relationship between women and technology and more. -Machine were female because they were mere things on which men worked: because they always had an element of unpredictability and tended to go wrong, break down.  Women, nature and machine have existed for the benifit of man, organisms ...

 Ecofeminism - It is the feminist, peace and the ecology movement in the late 1970s and 80s. The term was first used by Francoise D'Eau bonne. Ecofeminism is about connectedness and wholeness of theory and practice.  -The meltdown at Three Mile Island promoted a large numbers of women in USA to come together in the first eco-feminists conference. The eco-feminists see the devastation of earth and her beings by the corporate warriors and the threat of nuclear annihilation by the military warriors as feminist concerns.  -The aggression against the environment was perceived almost physically as an aggression against female body. On the night of 2-3 December 1984, Bhopal Gas Tragedy, around 3000 people died, women have been those most severaly affected but also the most persistent in their demand for justice. The Bhopal Gas Peedit Mahila Udyog Sangathan has still continued to remind the Government of India, Union Carbide and the world that they are still suffering. The women ...